Carbon percentage in steel pdf

Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Nazma Sultana1, Md. The effects of heat treatment annealing, hardening, and tempering on the mechanical properties of selected specimen are analyzed. Annealing, hardening and tempering are the most important heat treatment processes often used to change mechanical properties of engineering materials.

The purpose of heat treating is to analyze the mechanical properties of iron, usually ductility, hardness, Yield strength, tensile strength and impact resistance. The heat treatment develops hardness, softness, and improves the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, corrosion resistance and creep rupture. These processes also help to improve machining effect, and make them versatile.

Samples of malleable iron are examined after heating at C and quenched in oil. The mechanical behavior of the samples is investigated using universal tensile testing machine for tensile test, compression test and Rockwell hardness tester for hardness testing. The mechanical properties can easily be modified by heat treating to suit a particular design purpose. In the present study, selected samples are heat-treated at different temperature above the austenitic region and quenched followed by tempering in order to investigate the effect of different tempering temperature on the mechanical properties of iron.

The changes in mechanical behavior as compared with unquenched samples are explained in terms of changes in tensile strength. Tensile test specimens are produced from malleable iron which is subjected to various forms of heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening and tempering. Results showed that the mechanical properties of malleable iron can be changed and improved by various heat treatments for a particular application.

Results showed that the mechanical properties can be changed and improved by various heat treatments for a particular application. It was also found that the annealed samples with mainly ferrite structure gave the lowest tensile strength and hardness value and highest ductility value while hardened sample which comprise marten site gave the highest tensile strength and hardness value and lowest ductility value. Keywords: Heat treatment process, mild steel, Mechanical properties, Universal Testing Machine, Rockwell hardness tester.

Introduction followed by cooling at an appropriate rate, most The subject of mechanical testing of materials is an frequently applied in order to soften iron or steel important aspect of engineering practice. Today, more materials and refines its grains due to ferrite-pearlite concern is being given to the interpretation of test microstructure; it is used where elongations and results in terms of service performance, as well as appreciable level of tensile strength are required in giving reliable indications of the ability of the material engineering materials In normalizing, the material is to perform certain types of duty.

Mechanical tests are heated to the austenitic temperature range and this is also employed in investigational work in order to obtain followed by air cooling. This treatment is usually data for use in design to ascertain whether the material carried out to obtain a mainly pearlite matrix, which meets the specifications for its intended use.

Heat results into strength and hardness higher than in as treatment is defined as an operation or combination of received condition. It is also used to remove undesirable operations involving heating and cooling of a metal or free carbide present in the as-received sample [1].

Annealing, normalizing, hardening and The other alloying elements allowed in plain-carbon tempering are the most important heat treatments often steel are manganese and silicon. Steel with low carbon used to modify the microstructure and mechanical content has the same properties as iron, soft but easily properties of engineering materials particularly steels.

As carbon content rises, the metal becomes Annealing is defined as a heat treatment that consists of harder and stronger but less ductile and more difficult to heating to and holding at a suitable temperature weld. Results and Discussions Fe2O3 and little energy is required to convert it to Fe. Although the number of steel specifications elongation of the treated and untreated samples are runs into thousands, plain carbon steel accounts for determined using standard methods.

Stainless Steel is very resistant to corrosion which is due to the presence of chromium. We can improve strength by increasing the percentage of Chromium. Iron is the base metal in steel. Carbon is added to improve the strength of steel. It has various applications like in infrastructure, electrical appliances, metals, etc.

Explanation: Blast furnace: A vertical shaft furnace that produces liquid metals by the reaction of a flow of air introduced under pressure into the bottom of the furnace with a mixture of metallic ore, coke blast furnace fuel , and flux fed into the top. In a blast furnace, coke C reacts with oxygen to form carbon monoxide, which then reacts with iron oxide to form carbon dioxide and pig iron.

Pig iron is obtained by the chemical reduction of iron ore. This process of reduction of the iron ore to pig iron is known as smelting. Hence, the iron produced in the blast furnace is pig iron. Additional Information Produced pig iron is used for subsequent processing into steel, and they are also employed in processing lead, copper, and other metals.

Answer Detailed Solution Below Option 1 : 0. Explanation: Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with small amounts of other alloying elements or residual elements as well.

Carbon content in iron is responsible for its strength and brittleness. Increasing the amount of carbon in the composition of steel results in materials that have high strength and low ductility. Structural steels, therefore, have carbon contents between 0. If the carbon content goes much higher, the ductility will be too low, and for magnitudes less than 0.

Explanation: i Low-carbon steel, also known as mild steel is now the most common form of steel because its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications.

Answer Detailed Solution Below Option 3 : 0. Explanation: The properties of structural steel, as per clause 2. It has high carbon content. It is tougher than hard steel.

It is more elastic than hard steel. It can be forged and welded easily. Explanation: The amount of carbon present in steel determines what type or grade of carbon steel it is. Mild steel, also known as low-carbon steel , it is a type of carbon steel which contains 0.

Hard steel contains about 0. The toughness of mild steel is less. It has a lower tensile strength than other carbon steel types, it is more pliable and easier to form. Hard steel is more elastic. The weldability of mild steel is more. It is machinable and weldable, which aids in its usefulness for most applications. Transmission lines and microwave towers Structural buildings Fire resistant buildings For waterproofing.

Concept- The carbon in this sample of steel strengthens it and gives it the ability to harden by heat treatment. High carbon steel has high strength and hardness Rockwell C can be up to HRC , high elastic limit and fatigue limit after proper heat treatment or cold drawing hardening, and the cutting performance is acceptable, compared to low carbon steel and medium carbon steel, its weldability and cold plastic deformation is the worst. Due to the high carbon content, cracks are easily generated during water quenching, so two-liquid quenching is often used, and oil-hardening is often used for small-section parts.

Such steels are generally used after quenching by medium temperature tempering or normalizing or surface hardening. High carbon steel is mainly used in the manufacture of springs, wear parts and high hardness tools. Does Aluminum Rust or Corrode? Aluminium Corrosion Resistance. Nice article, this article increase my knowledge about steel grade. I want to know about medium carbon steel… And how to produce it, and what advantage of this steel. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

We use cookies to improve your experience on our website. By browsing this website, you agree to our use of cookies. Accept Read More. What is Carbon Steel? Medium Carbon Steel : the carbon percentage content is 0.