Ppt software design process

Refinement III. Architecture IV. Modularity V. Information hiding VI. Refactoring VII. Structural Partitioning 4. When we consider a modular solution to any problem, many levels of abstraction can be posed. At the highest level of abstraction, a solution is stated in broad terms using the language of the problem environment.

At lower levels of abstraction, a more procedural orientation is taken. We begin with a statement of function or description of information that is defined at a high level of abstraction and reach at the lower level of abstraction. In each step of the refinement , one or several instructions of the given program are decomposed into more detailed instructions.

This successive decomposition or refinement of specifications terminates when all instructions are expressed in terms of any underlying computer or programming language. Abstraction and refinement are complementary concepts. Abstraction enables a designer to specify procedure and data and yet suppress low- level details. Refinement helps the designer to reveal low-level details as design progresses.

Consists of components, connectors, and the relationship between them. Some of the Architecture models are described below, Structural models — architecture as organized collection of components Framework models — attempt to identify repeatable architectural patterns Dynamic models — indicate how program structure changes as a function of external events Process models — focus on the design of the business or technical process that system must accommodate Functional models — used to represent system functional hierarchy 7.

This leads to a "divide and conquer" conclusion—it's easier to solve a complex problem when you break it into manageable pieces. Given the same set of requirements, more modules means smaller individual size.

However, as the number of modules grows, the effort cost associated with integrating the modules also grows. There is a number, M, of modules that would result in minimum development cost, but we do not have the necessary sophistication to predict M with assurance.

Hiding implies that effective modularity can be achieved by defining a set of independent modules that communicate with one another only that information necessary to achieve software function. This enforces access constraints to both procedural i. It removes redundancy, unused design elements, inefficient or unnecessary algorithms, poorly constructed or inappropriate data structures, or any other design failures. Horizontal Partitioning: It defines separate branches of the modular hierarchy for each major program function.

Top level modules should perform control functions and do little actual processing work. Jessica Badolato Dec. I did and I am more than satisfied. Design of a software system evolves through a number of iterations. The design process usually involves developing a number of different models, looking at the system from different angles and describing the system at various levels of abstraction.

A activities performed at this stage include design of the software architecture by showing the division of system into sub-systems or modules, the specification of the services provided by these sub-systems and their interfaces with each other, division of each sub-system into smaller components and services and interfaces provided by each one of these components. Data modeling is also an essential activity performed during the design phase. This includes the identification of data entities and their attributes, relationships among these entities, and the appropriate data structures for managing this data.

Software Design Strategies Two fundamental strategies have been used. These are: Functional or structured design; and Object oriented design. Functional design In the functional design, the structure of the system revolves around functions.

The entire system is abstracted as a function that provides the desired functionality. This main function is decomposed into smaller functions and it delegates its responsibilities to these smaller functions and makes calls to these functions to attain the desired goal. Each of these smaller functions is decomposed into even smaller functions if needed. The process continues till the functions are defined at a level of granularity where these functions can be implemented easily.

In this design approach, the system state, that is the data maintained by the system, is centralized and is shared by these functions.

Object Oriented Design The object-oriented design takes a different approach. In this case the system is decomposed into a set of objects that cooperate and coordinate with each other to implement the desired functionality.

In this case the system state is decentralized and each object is held responsible for maintaining its own state. The communication and coordination among objects is achieved through message passing where one object requests the other object if it needs any services from that object. The object-oriented approach has gained popularity over the structured design approach during the last decade or so because, in general, it yields a design that is more maintainable than the design produced by the functional approach.

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